University of Tehran on behalf of the "Cyberspace Research Policy Center" and the "UNESCO Chair on Cyberspace and Culture: Dual Spacization of the World" Journal of Cyberspace Studies 2588-5499 10 2 2026 07 01 Dual criminality in the digital age: Strengthening cross-border cooperation in cybercrime investigations 637 661 106426 10.22059/jcss.2026.402346.1180 EN NSHIMIYIMANA Francois Regis Judge (on academic leave), Rwandan Judiciary, Researcher on Electronic Evidence in Cybercrime, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Hungary. Journal Article 2025 09 14 <strong>Background:</strong> The principle of dual criminality, which requires an act to be criminalized in both the requesting and requested states, is a cornerstone of mutual legal assistance. However, the rise of cybercrime, characterized by its borderless nature and reliance on perishable electronic evidence, has created significant challenges. Divergent legal definitions, procedural variations, and evidentiary standards frequently delay or obstruct cross-border investigations.<br /><strong>Aims: </strong>This paper examines the limitations of dual criminality in cybercrime investigations and explores how technological advancements and inconsistent domestic frameworks affect international cooperation.<br /><strong>Methodology: </strong>A comparative legal analysis is employed, drawing on the legal systems and practices of Rwanda, Germany, Estonia, and Hungary. These jurisdictions were selected to represent non-EU and EU states with diverse legal traditions. The study also evaluates key international instruments, including the Budapest Convention and its Additional Protocols, alongside mechanisms such as the European Investigation Order.<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> Findings reveal structural and procedural barriers, such as inconsistent offence definitions, jurisdictional conflicts, and inadequate technical capacity, which hinder timely and lawful evidence sharing. These gaps undermine trust and efficiency in cooperation.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The paper recommends harmonizing cybercrime definitions, adopting technology-adapted dual criminality assessments, implementing fast-track evidence-sharing mechanisms, and strengthening mutual trust through capacity-building and rights-protection measures. These steps aim to reconcile dual criminality with the urgent need for efficient and rights-compliant international collaboration. https://jcss.ut.ac.ir/article_106426_deff07b5395ae83a5d28aae48966cded.pdf